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Gilgamesh

This is just a brief overview. For a longer synopsis click here.

 

Ancient Languages

Gilgamesh

Cuneiform

Akkadian language

Written Akkadian

Hittite language

Written Hittite

Sumerian

Hurrian

Ergativity

 

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a great work of ancient literature, written nearly four thousand years ago.

Gilgamesh is the king of Uruk (Biblical Erech), a mighty city on the river Euphrates, and the greatest city in the world at one time. Its inhabitants appeal to the gods for protection from the king, and the gods produce a counterbalance — a primeval man named Enkidu, created in the outback from the dust of the earth. Gilgamesh arranges for Enkidu to be seduced into civilization by a famous courtesan, and the two men become bosom friends. They then undertake a great journey to the distant cedar forest, far beyond civilization, and home to the fearsome Humbaba, placed there by the gods to guard the cedars.

After killing Humbaba, they return to Uruk, and Gilgamesh is offered marriage by the goddess of love, Ishtar. He spurns her in no uncertain terms, recalling the sorry end of her previous lovers, and she in her fury brings down the Bull of Heaven to wreak destruction on the city of Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull, but their audacity is punished by the gods — Enkidu falls ill and dies.

Gilgamesh mourns the loss of his beloved friend, realising his own mortality, and after burying the body, he sets out on an epic journey to find the immortal Uta-napishti, from whom he might learn the secret of eternal life. The journey takes him through the mountains where the sun rises and sets, and where he races the sun itself. Eventually he reaches the ferryman for Uta-napishti, but in a fit of rage destroys the 'stone-ones'. What these are, no-one quite knows, but they somehow help the ferryman sail across the waters of death, to Uta-napishti. Now he is stuck, and as an alternative, Gilgamesh has to cut down young trees to use as punting poles.

After their arrival, Uta-napishti tells Gilgamesh the story of the flood. He was instructed by one of the gods to build a great boat to save himself, his family and all living things, and when the flood abated, he and his wife received immortality from the gods. He rejects Gilgamesh's desire for immortality as a foolish quest, but before sending him home tells him of a plant that will confer eternal youthfulness — it grows in the waters under the earth. Gilgamesh dives for the plant, and takes it back to Uruk with him, accompanied by the ferryman. On the journey home he bathes and a snake eats the plant, then sloughs its skin.

Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, a wiser and better king than the arrogant young man portrayed at the beginning of the epic. For a more detailed synopsis, click here.